Identity Theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data fraud - Research Paper Example All things considered, individuals whose character are undermined and have been expected by another can endure gigantic loses. When the significant data of someone in particular is presented to corrupt people, such data can be utilized against that individual. On the off chance that the monetary data of someone in particular is undermined and the wholesale fraud access the person’s ledgers, charge cards and others, the burglary might have the option to handily take the cash of that individual (Abagnale, 2007). Beside taking cash from their casualties, some personality criminals may utilize the mark or the records of their casualty to perpetrate wrongdoings either on the web or disconnected (Cullen, 2007). A genuine case of this is the point at which a data fraud utilizes the mark of someone else to propagate fake exchanges either on the web or disconnected. By utilize the character of the person in question, the personality criminal might have the option to pull off the wrongd oing and their casualty falls into difficulty with the specialists. II. How Identity Theft Can be Committed Over the years, techno sagacious cheats have built up various approaches to take significant data by breaking into the data security arrangement of organizations and people. ... tity thief’s activity relies upon the sort of systems and instruments that the person utilizes to get the essential data to usurp the character of another. As of late, social designing have gotten one of the most intense instruments utilized by personality hoodlums to access structures, databases and PC frameworks the nation over (Hadnagy, 2010). In this period of person to person communication when a great many individuals meet online to make companions or execute business, social building gets probably the simplest strategy for duping clueless web clients. How does a wholesale fraud utilize informal communities to swindle their casualties? Social designing utilizes human brain science so as opposed to utilizing programming and projects to assault the database or the security arrangement of a specific organization or individual, the wholesale fraud focus on the individuals who approach the database or the security framework (Hadnagy, 2010). The basic procedure here is to cons ider the work examples of the objective individual or gathering of people and discover techniques to fool these individuals into disclosing passwords and access codes to their framework. Long range interpersonal communication locales are regularly utilized by these individuals to become friends with their objectives and take in whatever they can from these individuals through fraud and cunning. It could be said, social designing resembles following a prey and punching when the prey is at its most helpless second. For what it's worth, this strategy for recovering data from human sources is a long procedure so it might take days, weeks or even a very long time before the character hoodlum really gets the data that the person in question needs. Given this circumstance a large portion of those individuals who utilize this system to access database may need to contribute a great deal of time on their objectives (Hadnagy, 2010; Wilhelm, 2010). Note that

Philosophy of Education Free Essays

Considering the various standards of my own way of thinking as an instructor, it spins around the signs and activities that is in-accordance with understudy needs in improving competency, accomplishment, and comprehension of the standards related in a particular control. To viably control myself all the while, I additionally need to mull over the parameters that decide the production of this way of thinking and how it very well may be showed in genuine practice as a teacher. Particularly this time the present condition portrays the requirement for reexamining arrangements of state funded training and expanding dangers that impacts understudies, it is vital for educators to stand firm and effectively battle these elements (OCRE, 2007). We will compose a custom paper test on Theory of Education or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Understanding understudy culture is one significant component that can shape my own way of thinking as a teacher. With the present patterns that are going on inside the domain of training, for example, assorted variety and expanded connectedness, instructors must understand the centrality of culture as a coupling power that develops the procedure of association and collaboration. In any case, this activity can't be effectively figured it out. These images and various qualities can either make struggle or expanded participation. The test remains established on investigating the conceivable outcomes that can be utilized to portray these two results. Besides, it is fundamental that one comprehend that subgroups comprise of littler gatherings that, notwithstanding sharing the qualities and customs of the way of life have conventions, and qualities, and language remarkable to the individuals from their gathering. â€Å"No people have the very same comprehension of it in all respects† (Goodenough, 1981, p. 97). This subjectivity in disciplines causes us reexamine of what approaches can be utilized to connect together these shifted assessments and effectively match with ordered guidelines and substance gave by the educational plan. That is the reason encounters assume a functioning job in perceiving understudy culture. â€Å"Out of his own understanding as every individual builds up his private, abstract perspective on the world and of its substance his own outlook† (Goodenough, 1981, p. 111). Such can assist instructors with relating points that can impact competency and learning. It is through this procedure that I see the need to build up a way of thinking that recognizes and grasps culture. As an instructor, I should be dynamic in making dynamic situations wherein I can get familiar with the critical components cultivating society and look to discover approaches to contact these abstract inclinations. In spite of the fact that such procedure can be difficult from the outset, it can help set my methodology in encouraging and making better approaches to learn inside the homeroom while simultaneously being delicate about their particular worth sets and goals. Guidance and dynamic learning is another noteworthy component that impacts my instructive way of thinking. This methodology investigates the capacity of educators to effectively ingrain inspiration and drive to gain proficiency with the subject examined. These are attached on the capacity to depict institutional objectives and targets that is given by the educational plan. Nonetheless, the principle challenge is effectively cooking guidance on the ability of every student. Since there are different elements that can influence this procedure, it is basic that teachers investigate approaches to rejuvenate and rehash strategies that can make exercises great for all. In tending to this, the thought stays to be inserted on the capacity of educators to impart and connect with their understudies. John Dewey, a realist, accepted and supported that understudies ceaselessly need connection to adapt to the difficulties of instruction. Understanding this feature, I should keep on discovering methods of fortifying my capacity to associate with understudies to augment their capacity to acknowledge and separate data. Such thought can assist instruction with advancing in powerful and comprehensive way. It is in here that the methodology of dynamic instructors gets attainable. These include â€Å"(1) Stimulating children’s development and improvement through exercises that energize activity, innovativeness, and self-articulation. (2) An encounter referenced educational plan that highlights exercises, process learning, request, and critical thinking. (3) Collaborative discovering that highlights bunch participation. Instructors who go about as facilitators of adapting instead of a slave drivers and, (5) Education that is multifunctional and equipped to the entire kid inwardly, truly, socially, and mentally as opposed to only academic† (Gutek, 2004, p. 300). Giving viable and reasonable appraisals are likewise critical in molding my own way of thinking. Under this aspect, this is applicable in my training since it can help decide if understudies get the fundamental data gave and create bits of knowledge of how to improve guidance. Because of this, I should be careful in making evaluations and effectively adjust them to norms gave by the school. In like manner, with respect to understudies, I should likewise stay imaginative to reliably build cooperation and gratefulness in appraisals. As a general rule, understudies see this procedure to be troublesome, demanding and distressing. Be that as it may, as an instructor I have a job of guaranteeing that these thoughts be changed. The activities submitted must concentrate less on transmitting data but instead require zones wherein understudies can increase new abilities, thinking and exercises that can build up their qualities (McKinney, 2009). Being able to turn into a pioneer and a precursor of understudy needs is likewise another part of my way of thinking. Under this procedure, since I am liable for guaranteeing that understudies can the most out the study hall, I should cultivate expanded roads wherein they can be submerged into various encounters; forming and sharpening their individual capacities (Kossof, 1997). I should not just participate on the gave errands and objectives on my part yet in addition make a point to go past these endorsed goals and look to see how these arrangement of activities can be showed in a study hall arrangement and reinforce assistance and instructing (Kouzes, 1987) Doing this requires the devotion and flexibility of instructors in fighting and tending to the obstacles obstructing compelling study hall guidance. In spite of the expanding difficulties realized by decent variety and different types of issues, for example, imbalance, consideration, and so forth, it is basic that instructors stand firm in sharpening new techniques and playing the lead job in making these thoughts a chance (National Commission on Teaching Americas Future, 1999). It is in here that I should work as an audience and facilitator of understudy needs. I ought to effectively take an interest in conversations and gatherings that look to illuminate and improve methods of my training. â€Å"Through their cooperation in an expert learning network, educators become progressively powerful, and understudy results increment †an objective whereupon we can all agree† (Hord, 1997). Upgrading understudy backing and expert advancement are additionally significant features to consider in creating improved results for understudies. The primary thought spins around ensuring that every understudy can have the ability to gain data. This can help make instructive foundations responsive on various issue territories by offering every one the capacity to adapt up to the difficulties of training (Fullan, 1982). Likewise, such activities can help facilitate the weight of educators in tending to numerous assignments and obligations. By setting up an emotionally supportive network for understudies, it can permit both the help of new procedures in educating and cultivate better approaches to produce input on the adequacy of the present educational plan and framework (Rossman, 1988). Then again, proficient advancement is likewise a significant part among teachers since it can help enhance ways instructors give data to understudies. Keeping every one refreshed about new principles and norms in instructing can harden the point of being versatile and receptive to the requirements of understudies in the present occasions (Reed, 2000). In like manner, supporting this target can likewise spell expanded fulfillment and satisfaction among teachers. Being able to extend and build competency can be supplemental in expanding inspiration and make the skill to plan new and better procedures in collaborating and lessons understudies. Ultimately, organizations with schools, family, and networks are additionally compelling in forming and understanding the necessities of understudies in the homeroom. Having a smart thought of how these on-screen characters can contribute bits of knowledge to in general practice and some applicable issues, for example, decent variety and incorporation can be fundamental in extending the skylines of every instructor undoubtedly (McKinney, 2009). This opens up correspondence and collaboration among individuals that helps improve the probability of accomplishment and backing among understudies. It is through the commitment of these thoughts that understudies can advance and develop in an increasingly all encompassing manner and become specialists in their own separate fields. To close, these components make the dynamic parameters for my own way of thinking. It is through these elements that I should adjust my qualities and targets in educating to assist me with getting dynamic to changes. Such activities can not just beg on the changing points of view in instruction at the 21st century yet in addition try to pass on an instructing practice that is responsible and mindful in nature. I esteem this is my approach to rise above over the customary act of training towards outfitting a homeroom that cooks gratefulness and expanded competency in their separate fields of mastery. References Fullan, M. (1982). The importance of instructive change. New York: Teachers College Press. Goodenough, W. H. (1981). Culture, language, and

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid

10 Salary Negotiation Mistakes to Avoid Money is not the easiest topics for having a conversation. Things can get even trickier when the conversation is about your salary. For many, talking about this is a discussion they’d rather avoid.The statistics speak this loud and clear. According to Glassdoor, 59% of employees accept the salary they are being offered without ever negotiating it. But perhaps the worse statistics is how only one in ten employees managed to successfully negotiate a salary. Therefore, even when you break the first barrier, you might hit a brick wall.The reason many fail to negotiate salary successfully is down to a few key mistakes people make. You can boil these down to ten most common and devastating mistakes in terms of salary success. So, let’s look at the ten mistakes you must avoid when negotiating your salary.1. NOT NEGOTIATING YOUR SALARY OFFERThe biggest mistake you can make is to not negotiate. Getting a job offer is exciting â€" your hard work is about to pay off and you’re finally get ting that job you want. But in all that excitement, you might end up making a bad mistake and simply agreeing to whatever the employer is suggesting. Similarly, you might be in your job, have added responsibilities and still stick to the same salary you’ve always had for months on end. It’s not that employers are actively looking to screw you over. Indeed, according to a Creative Group study, over 60% of executives are prepared to negotiate the initial offer they make to an employee. Furthermore, you should remember the business will always look for its own interests and sometimes they might simply forget to consider certain benefits outright. You need to be sure you know just what you’re settling for and never settle for a deal that isn’t actually worth it. Studies show that people who don’t negotiate their salaries tend to end up earning less in the long run! Indeed, one study has said those who don’t negotiate might lose up to $600,000 over the course of their working lives. You can seriously hurt your earning potential later down the line and if you end up with less than adequate pay, you might even feel a lack of motivation at work.How to avoid this mistake?There are two important things you must do in order to avoid this mistake. Prior to getting an offer, you should have an idea of what your worth is. Use a salary calculator or follow our guides to get a good grasp of what you should be getting. Have a lowest acceptable limit in mind and think about the other benefits that might make you feel happy to accept a job offer, even if the salary isn’t quite what you want.The second component is to simply stay calm and automatically ask the employer for time to go over the deal. You need the response of, “Thank you so much for the offer. I can’t wait to go over the deal and then get back to you,” come out of your mouth in a heartbeat. 2. FOCUSING ONLY ON YOUR SIDE OF THE ARGUMENTYou will have to fight your corner and stay strong when it com es to salary negotiations. But you have to remember you’re not the only party in this conversation and the employer also has reasons for suggesting specific figures.You are making a huge mistake if you appear to be inflexible and if you focus only on what you want to get out of the discussion. Just talking about your demands won’t get you very far â€" in fact, it’s going to help you get a better deal if you focus also on what the company can get out of the negotiations. Negotiations always involve two sides and understanding the other argument can make it easier for you to argue your case. By knowing what the pain points for the employer might be in terms of salary, you can put their minds at ease by answering them directly.How to avoid making this mistake?You should research the employer and know a few things. You should:Be aware of the kind of salaries and compensation packages they generally offer. It’s unlikely they would give you a very different deal to anyone else.Kno w what kind of financial situation the company currently ask. Demanding a high pay when the company seems to be laying off staff, for example, might seem inappropriate and impossible for the company to fulfill. If you focus on those two points, you get a better understanding of what the employer might be willing and able to pay. You need to remember to stay realistic and flexible.3. OVERLOOKING THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER RESEARCHThe basis of negotiating and doing so successfully is all about research. You’re making a huge mistake if you get into the negotiations without researching:Average salaries in that roleAverage salaries in the companyYour actual worth and valueBenefits and perks aside from the salaryYou can lose out on a proper salary by simply throwing random figures in the air and then settling for whatever you think is good. If the employer notices that you don’t know what you’re talking about and what the market conditions are, then they can give you a bad deal â€" or get second thoughts about hiring someone with such lack of preparation.How to avoid this mistake?You have a range of online tools available to conduct research on those all-important points mentioned above. You can find salary and company information from sites like:Indeed.comSalary.comRandstad.caMonster.comPayScale.comYou should also look at the company website and the job profiles to ensure you understand the responsibilities and tasks you need to perform in the role. Finally, it can be helpful to talk to your network and get their perspectives on the company, the current salary markets and your talent. 4. MAKING HASTY DECISIONS TO ACCEPT OR TO DECLINE THE OFFERJust as it can be tempting to overlook the negotiations altogether, you might also feel like you have to make your decision or counteroffer quickly. Rushing your decision to accept or to reject the salary can seem tempting but it would be another big mistake.Accepting a salary is a big decision â€" it can have a huge impac t on your career. You don’t want to make the decision in haste only to regret it later. As mentioned, it could hurt your future earning potential, damage your career progress, and ruin your motivation.How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to take your time when considering your response. You have to remember the key steps of response:Thank about the offer.Repeat the offer and ask for it to be sent to you so you have it all written down.Ask time to go over the details (at least a day or two).Thank again for the offer and reiterate when you’ll get back to it.You then simply have to sit down and perhaps even write down your initial thoughts. Consider it more and have a discussion with your family or friends, as well as anyone you feel would be able to give you advice. Sleep on the offer and go over it again â€" consider all the different options before you renegotiate or reject or accept the offer.5. REVEALING YOUR LOWEST SALARY LIMITOne of the biggest negotiating mistakes in any negotiation is to reveal your negotiating position. You do not want the employer to know what your limit is right from the get-go. You have to maintain a poker face. This is especially crucial in terms of the minimum salary you’re willing to accept. If you tell the employer that “X” amount of money is your lowest acceptable figure, you are inviting them to just stick to that figure. What reason would they have to pay you any more when they know you’d accept less? Financially it wouldn’t make sense; as a business, they want their expenses to remain low.How to avoid this mistake?The employer might ask you for a figure during the job interview or around the time they are willing to make an offer. The way to avoid revealing too much is to conceal any figures during this time and simply focus on saying you believe you will be able to reach a good agreement when the time comes to it. First, if you’re asked about your salary figures prior to receiving an offer, you could:Si mply say:“To me, it’s important to find a job that I can contribute in and do my best and I believe when this happens, the right salary will follow.”“I believe that we can talk about the salary once we’ve talked a bit more about my role and made sure I’m the right fit for the company.”“Perhaps you can let me know just what kind of expectations you have for me in regards of the role and then we can consider what I bring to the table.”If you’re asked about your salary hope during the negotiation, it’s important to remember to:Always give a salary range that’s higher than your absolute red line.Focus on a realistic figure both in terms of what the employment market is showing and what the company can afford.6. FORGETTING TO CONSIDER THE NON-SALARY ITEMSAs mentioned above, your salary package often contains more than just the lump sum of money you get for the work you do. It’s important to remember, then, that you shouldn’t focus your negotiations just on the salary. There are plenty of other monetary and non-monetary benefits you should consider before you decide whether a salary offer is good or bad. You should consider any non-salary item that might be important to you and make the job offer even more enticing. It’s more likely you’ll end up with a better deal because it might be that the employer can’t budge much with the salary but they can make adjustments with other benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Think prior to your salary negotiations what other non-salary items you’re interested in and which might be enough even if the pay isn’t exactly what you want. Non-salary items can be other monetary and non-monetary benefits such as:Bonuses and commissionsAn agreed raise in the futurePaid or non-paid vacation timeHealthcarePension or investment schemesMembership to gym, movie theatre and other such clubsChildcareDiscount schemesIt might even be something to do with your work. For example, you could negotiate flexible work hours that allow you to choose your own work hours or to work from home. There are many such perks you might ask for that can make the job offer more appealing and valuable to you. 7. TALKING ABOUT NEEDS RATHER THAN VALUEYou’re making a big mistake if you frame the negotiations around your needs. Of course, we all need a salary to live and to maintain a lifestyle but this isn’t a reason for the employer â€" they don’t need to give you money just because you need it.If you say things like, “Well, I really need at least $50k to live”, you are making the negotiations just about you and that’s not the point here. Your salary has to reflect the value you provide to the employer. The employer will pay you because you also add to the value the organization has and can make. You simply won’t be able to convince an employer to pay you more if you don’t convince them of the value you can provide. The bottom line is that it’s not about needs it’s about value.How to avoid th is mistake?The most important thing here is to know your worth. The above points have already directed you to different resources and tools that allow you to calculate your worth. It’s essential to do this research â€" it will help you in the negotiations.Another point to add here is the importance of presenting your argument with strong proof and facts. You don’t want to just say that your worth is X but you have to show why it’s X. Here’s a good example of a good and a bad argument for your salary:The bad argument:“According to my research, a salary of $40k would best reflect the value I can bring to the company.”The good argument:“I think my previous record shows that a salary of $40k would reflect my value. As you can see from this value portfolio I created, in my previous role I was in charge of a similar portfolio than I would in this role and I managed to increase sales by 40% just in three months. I think a similar scheme I ran there would boost the sales here too and I have this report here of some points for you to look at.”The good example works because it:Quantifies your achievements and highlights the actual value you’ve created in previous roles.Shows that you have experience in similar kind of tasks or roles.Tells the employer you already have ideas on how to succeed in the role and add to the value.8. HIDING BEHIND E-MAILMoney is among those topics people find uncomfortable to talk about. According to PayScale’s study, 28% of people find negotiating salary uncomfortable, with nearly 20% of respondents saying they don’t negotiate out of a fear of being seemed pushy. Because of this, many might feel like it’s a good idea to keep the conversation limited and to just rely on the power of e-mail. But hiding behind e-mail will hurt your negotiating power.There are many problems with e-mail negotiations. First of all, it’s not practical. Replies can take longer and you don’t know when to expect a response. You also can’t read the person’s body language and this plays an important role. You can’t see if they seem irritated, happy, annoyed, panicked and so on â€" those little cues you might be able to read when you’re talking face-to-face. How to avoid this mistake?It’s important to set up meetings to discuss the offer. You might receive the offer via e-mail (and as the next point will show, it’s important to have a written record of it) and you can respond initially with e-mail. However, you have to set up a meeting to discuss your thoughts and to conduct the actual negotiation. Therefore, you might respond by thanking for the offer, asking for a bit of time to go over it and then requesting a meeting to discuss it in person. If the employer for some reason insists on settling it via e-mails or phone, stay stern and just say you would feel more comfortable discussing these things in person. If for some reason they don’t seem to agree, well, it might not be such a good place to work after all!9. NOT ASKING FOR THE OFFER IN WRITINGYou might have noticed in the previous points how you’re asked to ask the offer in writing. Not asking for the offer in writing can indeed be a big mistake to make. There are two important points to this.First, you are better able to remember just what is being offered. You might be so excited when the offer comes in that you’re not properly listening to the different numbers and figures being mentioned. As the negotiations move on you might be mixed up with all the numbers you’ve discussed. Therefore, by having it written down, you know just what the current offer is and you’re all talking about the same thing.Second is the importance of having it written down in a legal standpoint. Again, it’s not to say that the employer might willingly want to lead you on but you won’t have many guarantees of anything if all you have is, “But they said so”. By getting the offer in writing, you have proof that everyone has agreed to this a nd that figure and benefits. How to avoid this mistake?Before you even start negotiating or thinking about an offer, you always want to ask the employer to send you the offer in writing. Even with the initial offer. As you start negotiating and you reach another offer, ask that in writing as well. It’s crucially important to ask for the final offer in writing, too. Do not accept an offer before you also have a written copy of it. 10. TAKING THE SALARY OFFER PERSONALLYFinally, of the major mistakes people make when negotiating a salary, or talking about money in general, is to take it personally. You shouldn’t be emotionally invested in the negotiations and you shouldn’t take it personally at any point.This can be easier said than done. After all, your salary is essentially a reflection of your worth. However, the employer doesn’t mean your value as a human is this or that. If you start adding emotions to the mix, you will end up hurting your negotiating power. Never threaten the employer during the negotiations. You’ll make a huge mistake by giving ultimatums or by trying to play the sympathy card. You must realize that, while it might not be easy, the employer can always find someone else to do the job. In the current job market, it’s difficult, if not impossible, to be irreplaceable. How to avoid this mistake?You can avoid this problem from arising by reminding yourself that the salary is always a business decision. Employers don’t pay a salary based on just what they think you deserve as a human â€" you can be the nicest person on the planet. This is business. The person deciding your salary might well think you should get more but the company might simply not have the financial means to offer it. If you find yourself getting emotional about the offer at any point during the negotiations, just take a moment. Breath in and remember that this isn’t personal, it’s just business. Do the research on the company and your own worth and you’ll k now just what the realistic expectations are. This will give you the confidence to move on with the negotiations. AVOIDING MISTAKES WILL LEAD TO SALARY SUCCESSAs the examples above show, you could really damage your earning potential by making negotiating mistakes. It’s important to keep a cool head and understand that negotiating is part of the deal of getting a good salary. You just have to:Do your researchFocus on your valueUnderstand the employer’s positionLeave the emotions out of itIf you focus on these four points, you can avoid these top ten negotiating mistakes and get the salary you deserve!

The New Jim Crow Law - 1014 Words

Mass incarceration is known as a net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designed to keep American black men and minorities oppressed with laws and regulations by incarceration. The system of mass incarceration is the â€Å"new Jim Crow† due to the way the U.S. criminal justice system uses the â€Å"War on Drugs† as the main means of allowing discrimination and repression. America currently holds the highest rate of incarceration in the world, and even more African American men imprisoned, although white men are more likely to commit drug crimes but not g et arrested. The primary targets of the criminal justice system are men of color. Mass incarceration is a rigid, complex system of racial control that resembles Jim Crow. To understand how our criminal justice system became a system of mass incarceration, it is important to compare the current system to previous systems of racial control in U.S. history. The history of caste systems in America begins with slavery. As a young country looking to prosper by any means, agriculture was that means to the South. AmericasShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow Laws1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book the New Jim Crow Laws there is racial discrimination on the African American people in the American society. What is racial discrimination? It is refusing somebody based on race. In the United States we have been racial discriminate on the African American people and that is what cause the south and north to go civil wat was because slavery and racism that existed and even still to this day. In t he south the black were less and treated unequal to them historically even today were areRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal theory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s bo ok, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, forgotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim Crow’s career have existed since itsRead MoreEssay on The Strange Career of Jim Crow1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather thanRead More Jim Crow Laws Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Jim Crow Laws were statutes and ordinances established between 1874 and 1975 to separate the white and black races in the American South. In theory, it was to create separate but equal treatment, but in practice Jim Crow Laws condemned black citizens to inferior treatment and facilities.† The Jim Crows Laws created tensions and disrespect towards blacks from whites. These laws separated blacks and whites from each other and shows how rac e determines how an individual is treated. 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During the 1830s, Thomas D. Rice, a white entertainer and playwright, became famous because of his black-face comedic act, Jim Crow. Jim Crow was the portrayal ofRead MoreJim Crow Laws Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesSection 1: What happened when the Jim Crow laws were first created? When the Jim Crow laws were first created, they were supposed to make racism legal in our country, even though there were laws protecting all races of people. The government tried to pass laws for a long time to prevent black and white races from interfering with each other, legally. As research says, â€Å"The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. constitution, adopted in 1866, guarantees that no state may ‘abridge the privileges or immunitiesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pages changed, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]eRead MoreThe Everlasting Jim Crow System973 Words   |  4 Pages The everlasting Jim Crow system According to The New Jim Crow (Alexander, 2010), today s society in the United States endured totally three major periods of racial regulation system: The Slavery, The Jim Crow and The Mass Incarceration. The latter still dominates, and it perpetuates racial caste system in a way which is legalized and normalized under the sugarcoating of colorblindness. According to the author, the mass incarceration eventually becomes the new Jim Crow System, and it represents

Marketing Plan for Woolworth - 2238 Words

COVER PAGE MARKETING PLAN FOR WOOLWORTH FOR ONE YEAR PERIOD NAME | STUDENT NUMBER | ESAN BABATUNDE VICTOR | 21347348 | AFOLABI JOHN OLUWASEUN | 21336715 | ZAKHELE DERRICK NDHLOVU | 21130575 | MAJOR LINDA MDAKANE | 20503699 | Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 2 SITUATION†¦show more content†¦2.3 CONSUMER ANALYSIS The customer base of Woolworth can be described in a nutshell as typical more affluent south Africans with middle-higher earnings and spending capacities. To draw a better picture they are represented by the segmentation below. GEOGRAPHIC * South Africa urban population of about 45 million people * Who lives in urban and sub urban areas DEMOGRAPHIC * From ages 20 and above. * Male and female * Who earns 25000R, and above * Young, single, married with children. * Well educ ated * Professionals, students, homemakers. * Blacks, Indians, and whites. PYCHROGRAPHIC * Self confident, ambitious, sociable. * Enjoy sport, shopping and family moment. * Conservatives and liberals. BEHAVIORAL * Enjoys quality product. * Light users and heavyShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Woolworth1476 Words   |  6 Pagescomplete the following four tasks. Suggested response length: 8-10 pages Tasks Task 1 (25 marks) Describe the implementation of a recent marketing program or a marketing plan of the organisation. You are required to describe broad and specific action programs (what, when, who and how) with reference to the marketing mix elements. Woolworth is a retail primary activity in supermarket and has a portfolio business which is similar to wesfarmers, like BIGW, petrol and liquor stores bondsRead Morewoolworths case study1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Woolworths is the largest supermarket chain in Australia, and Coles is the main competitor of Woolworths. As Australian supermarket is in the growth stage in product life cycle, Woolworths Supermarket has to evaluate new strategy to maintain its marketing leadership position, such as improve its logical and costumer service efficiency by technology and innovation development. Woolworths has kept the leader position in Australia for more than 80 years, so it has a famous brand recognitionRead MoreThe Strategy Of Offering Free Food Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagesregistered beneficiaries. The Woolworths Company is a giant retailer that deals in general merchandise not only across Australia, but also internationally. The company is also the leading food retailer in Australia, besides having an international presence in other countries, such as India and New Zealand. In 2013, the company generated a revenue of about A$59.56 billion, with a profit of A$2.26 billion. The company was founded in 1924 with a capital of just A$25,000. Woolworths’ current strategy is meantRead MoreAssessment Task 11269 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Name- Deepak Saini Course-MBA 1238 STUDENT ID-2196016 SUBJECT- MARKETING ESSENTIALS WORDS-1150/1192(EXCLUDING REFERENCES). Assessment: -1 Introduction Coles is an Australian Supermarket chain owned by Wesfarmers. It is a retailer of food, liquor and convince in Australia. There are more than 102,000 team members across all brands including Coles express, 1st choice liquor superstore, Coles and Bi-Lo supermarkets, liquor land, vintage cellars and spirit hotels. Business goal: - Coles thriveRead MoreEssay on The Success of Woolworths1197 Words   |  5 PagesAustralian retail/grocery supermarket Woolworths and its parent company Woolworths Limited. This report will explore the success Woolworths and its contribution to the Australian economy. It will examine the following subjects: * About Woolworths * Business Structure * Responsibilities to Stakeholders * Internal and External Influences * Strategies for Future Growth About Woolworths Woolworths is a conventional supermarket owned by Woolworths Limited. It started as a basementRead MoreTesco Mobile Online Customer Management System Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages Woolworths Mobile Online customer management system and Online Mobile Phone booking systemProject Name: System for Mobile Phone PlanName: Yashvantkumar PatelStudent number: N9790608Email: yashvant25@rocketmail.com 1. Business DriversWoolworth’s supermarkets was established in Australia in 5th December in the year of 1924.Their corebusiness is provide all grocery and daily needed things under one roof like vegetables ,fruits etc. In the last few years business has expanded to the United States ofRead MoreColes and Woolworths Case Study Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages1. The key to Woolworths’ faster growth than Coles Myers may be attributed to several reasons, one of them being its emphasis on diversification which saw it enter markets such as petrol. Woolworths offered everyday low price (EDLP) on established brands, a strategy akin to Wal-Mart in the United States which presents a competitive advantage against Coles Myers’ Kmart and Target divisions which maintained a ‘high-low’ pricing strategy. Woolworths CEO Roger Corbett who had prior experience with theRead MoreWoolworths Analysis : Strategic Marketing Management3081 Words   |  13 Pages WOOLWORTHS ANALYSIS STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGEMENT REPRESENTED TO SIR. AJAY KUMAR BY ALI ZAFAR MUGHAL (11201449) BIVEK THAKALI RABNAWAZ (11400273)â€Æ' Table Of Contents Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Market Segmentation Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAldis Customer Choice Case Study1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this report is to outline the main factors that influence ALDI’s customer choice, describe the marketing process used by ALDI and evaluate the main marketing strategies that are employed by ALDI. In addition, the consumerist market of ALDI places an importance on identifying and satisfying their customers by developing a sustainable marketing plan. 1. Outline the main factors that influence ALDI’s customer choice. The four key factors that influence consumer choice are psychologicalRead MoreAn Analysis Of Woolworths Australia Digital Marketing Strategy1797 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Woolworths Australia Digital Marketing Strategy Analyzing the Business Decision Woolworths Limited is an Australian retail company. Judging by market share and sales, Woolworths is the largest food and liquor retailer in Australia. The first store was opened on Friday, 5 December 1924, and today Woolworths operates 1000 stores around Australia. Perishable Pundit (2013) writes that from the beginning, Woolworths used daily newspapers to advertise. â€Å"In 1937 they decided to use the

Every culture has a different set of traits and habits Free Essays

I agree with the first part of the article. Every culture has a different set of traits and habits. The norms which are considered common in one culture may be considered in-appropriate in other culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Every culture has a different set of traits and habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example in Western culture it’s normal to use credit card or open up personal information to vendors; which is not workable in Eastern societies that includes not only Egypt but India as well. The reason for such cultural attitude is the way business is done. In Eastern it is rare for two individual to do business to trust someone unless they know each other for some time. Thus the idea of pure business relation seems odd in East which is a normal thing in West. The reason for such cultural attitude is the status of economies in the East and West. The third world countries have under developed economies; and these societies are mix of socialistic and capitalist systems. And business is normally done in traditional ways long forgotten in the West. It’s natural in such environment to have lack of trust in e-commerce environment. Creating information societies where people are made aware of internet and the power of e-commerce would be one step in this direction There may be come some improvement by opening up information; however cultural traits cannot be solved only by making information available. Cultural habits are developed over the course of centuries that will not wither away simply by informing people about internet. The Western societies have been developed through many centuries; which cannot take place over night in the east. In order to develop e-commerce environment; countries like Egypt need to invest in many areas; such as infrastructure, education and more importantly to develop consumer based economy. People in Egypt (and countries like Egypt) are under paid; wealth is very scarce to produce. In such environment people trust only those; whom they know personally, rather than trusting someone online which they have never met or seen. It would take lot of effort by developing countries to work on their economies making them more market oriented and create businesses and opportunities; only then it would be possible to change cultural habits. How to cite Every culture has a different set of traits and habits, Papers

Document Analysis of John Browns Address to the Virginia Court free essay sample

The address given by John Brown to the Virginia court was his final words before execution on charges of treason. The charges were given because of a raid that he directed with the intent to take federal weapons which is an act of treason. On October 16th-18th, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of white and black men, including two of his sons, on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown’s goal was to seize the federal arsenal, arm the local slaves, and fight a way into the North as described in this primary source in court. This raid was not surprising because of his abolitionist background and insanity as described by the Robert E. Lee who led the Union Army that suppressed the revolt. The group held up in a fire department and was attacked by Lee’s soldiers. The failed attempt resulted in Brown’s capture, trial, and execution on December 2nd. We will write a custom essay sample on Document Analysis of John Browns Address to the Virginia Court or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This episode of slave resistance was the last major rebellion contributing to the secession of the South and, eventually, the Civil War. Purpose: John Brown had a a few purpose for delivering this address. Obviously, it was given in response to charges accumulated from the raid, and the address also makes several points explaining his defense. Brown stated that he did not intend to fire a single gun but wanted simply to take slaves from plantations and lead them to northern states or Canada. Brown also stated that he did not induce the others involved in the raid to join him which lessened his crime in his mind. To the charges he addressed, â€Å"I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection. Though he denied the charges, one can infer that Brown really did want a slave uprising to occur in the South due to his strong abolitionist morals and beliefs. If the raid were to be successful, Brown would not stop with those slaves, but rather continue his forced manumission of the South. Brown’s impression of the trial was one of satisfaction, but he argued that â€Å"it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty [of death]. † He made this argument because his intent was not to start this uprising but, instead, to be an act of defiance that he knew would indirectly cause a mass insurrection in the South. Value: John Brown’s address is not a historical landmark and was a less significant historical document that had minimal aftermath; however, it provides a specific example of responses in court giving insight into how acts of slave resistance are dealt with legally. Brown gives this document a unique texture because of his eloquence in court compared with his savagery in the raid. Overall, he is given the status of a martyr with his words: â€Å"I submit [to death]: so let it be done! † Brown reveals a very different side of his personality in which he is a dignified martyr. He predicts that slavery will never end peacefully in the country whose â€Å"rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments†. Historians can use this document today to show people strong in their beliefs who act upon them, and although some failed in their efforts, their cause was strengthened. Limitations: The address made by John Brown contains several limitations that affect its credit as a historical source. A significant limiting factor is that there is only one opinion to explain the raid. Brown had a biased opinion mainly because of his childhood having been greatly influenced with abolitionist morals and beliefs. One would think that Brown’s address would be biased in spite of his numerous accusations, but he speaks as if he had nothing to lose. The aiding and abetting criminals in the raid would not have delivered a speech as dignified and passionate as Brown’s but would obviously be similar in their renditions of the event. To fully understand Brown’s raid, historians would need to consult Robert E. Lee’s notes. After viewing both sides of the story, a historian can either choose a side or make an inference that incorporates both.

Gulf Air free essay sample

In a world of globalization, speed and technology where everyone is seeking for ways to accomplish their duties easily, and where countries have been connected with each others by economical, commercial, and political affairs, airlines companies appeared as an integral part of the channel of transportation in different countries of the world which have been recently one of the most important ways to carry passengers and goods from a place to other distant places. Among those companies the Gulf Air Company was established in 1950, and since that time it has gone through many stages and conditions, until it reached within these years to a level of the need of restructuring; because of the sequence losses it has faced. As a company that owns the largest aviation network in the Middle East and as it carries a history of about sixty years, it is significant to figure out the main factors that lead it to reach to a loss that is equivalent to BD 190 million in only 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf Air or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This loss is substantial and definitely has negative consequences on the entire Bahraini economy, since the Gulf Air is known as one of the most important ventures that provide employment for significant number of Bahraini population, and therefore have an effect on the Bahraini GDP. Hence things should be analyzed and problems have to be diagnosed in order to find out some hinders and drawbacks, and list some strengths and advantages to reach at the end to general beneficial conclusion. -History of Gulf air. Since the establishment of the Gulf aviation company as a private shareholding company on 24 March in 1950 and it has gone through many changes and stages. First in October 1951 the British Overseas Aircraft Corporation (BOAC) became a major shareholder in Gulf Aviation, holding a 26% of shares, and handling the company administrative activities, until 1973 when they were purchased by Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Oman, and Qatar governments. In the next year a foundation treaty was signed by those countries governments which gave each one of them a 25% shareholding in the re-branded Gulf Air, which became the national carrier for the four states in the Arabian Gulf with a capital that is equal to BD 28m. After this turning point the Gulf Air started expanding its activities in various fields starting with making trips to the Middle East countries, India, and Europe, and that was accompanied with adding the Tristar and Boeing 200-737s to the fleet. The year 1978 was a beginning point of the sequence losses that the Gulf Air faced as a result of previously done developments and expansions. The loss in that year reached to an amount of about BD 29m, and therefore the company was declared financially bankrupt for inability to pay its obligation which came as a result of overcoming the problem by increasing the amount of the paid capital. Hence the Gulf Air prepared a new plan to counter the problems associated with the previously occurred losses, by applying several steps like cutting unnecessary costs, and eliminating unprofitable trips, as well as following new and flexible promoting techniques while keeping service continuously in high levels. In 1980 the four states came to the conclusion of increasing their support to the Gulf Air by increasing its capital from BD 28m to BD 40m, which relatively contributed in improving its general conditions. In other stages several expansions and improvements were enhanced, when the company transferred from a regional aviation network to an international one that links between Asia, Africa, and Europe. In addition it was necessary in that time to work hard on preparing skilful national staff for different activities like maintenance, operating, and administrative activities. In the late seventies and early eighties of the last century the Gulf Air reached to a level where it was able to compete with international rivals which was as a result of the substantial improvement of its labors skills, in the other side the financial resources of the company were facing vital increments and therefore a strong financial condition was built which encouraged the company to invest its resources in other different ventures. In 1988 the management of the company came out with a new strategy that focused on the importance of getting use of the international expansions and cutting cost by using new technology in air planes to help in reducing the fuel used, as well as other related expenses, and not to forget about adjusting operational and promotional plans. But in the time between 1986 and 1987 improvement waned and was replaced with decreased revenue as a consequence of several political and economical factors such as, the establishment of the emirates air lines and the war between Iraq and Iran which reached its peak at that time and affected the economy of the entire region around these countries. In contrast the eighties was a period of achievements and improvements for the Gulf Air in various fields, when the Gulf Aircraft Maintenance Company (GAMCO) was established in 1987 with the contribution of Abu Dhabis government which helped the Gulf Air in finding a replacement for the use of the services of maintenance in Hong Kong and London. In general that period was a period of good conditions of the company where its revenue was increasing and consequently helped in buying and chartering new air planes, increasing its capital and its stockholders shares. In addition the good reputation of the company at that time helped it in attracting many international Banks to its new projects and ventures. And one of the most remarkable steps was making analytical studies for its operational strategies and economy as well as trying to improve employees skills and efficiency and following a new strategy of recruiting workers from the Gulf countries. In 1991 conditions were more stable after the ending of the Gulf war in the 1990, which helped in providing better levels of services for clients especially for destinations like India, Cairo, London and Paris. In the next year and after a new pricing strategy and occurrence of regional competition a surplus of service occurred and caused decline in revenues after an increment in the previous year. In the period after the 1995 the government of Qatar followed by Abu Dhabi then Oman governments withdrew from the company to establish their own national airlines, which inversely affected the Gulf Air over the last years and caused many losses. In the 21st century many changes occurred and the company had involved in many sponsorships and social responsibility acts until this year of 2010 where the company reached its 60 year anniversary, a new sight of eliminating unprofitable lines of service was set as part of cutting cost strategy. 2-The owner ship of Gulf air: On 6 May 2007, the government of Bahrain claimed 100% ownership of the airline that mean that Gulf air owned by the government and all other owners dropped as we said above in history. -Economic conditions: In the latest years the global economic crisis which started mainly in 2007 affected the entire economy, it generally lead to a substantial inflation in the overall prices of goods and services especially the price of the oil, many large and small international companies collapsed as a result of the crisis and therefore lead to a huge unemployment. However, the Gulf Air as an international aviation company has been affected severely by the crisis and many loss es has occurred as a result. Since the beginning of the crisis people including business men reduced their use of the airlines in general, so demand of such service was affected, other factors like the increment of the oil price had a crucial affect on the gulf air until today. These factors were the main to cause the Gulf Air to reach a weak point, so in order to survive a new strategy has been put in sight which is based mainly on absorbing costs. This strategy is basically intending to narrow lines of services by excluding unprofitable lines and dismissing employees who are working behind those lines. And it has been demonstrated that at the last 5 months-before May 2010- the number of employees has been decreased from 5200 until 4700 which is considered the starting point of implementing the strategy, a continuous application for employees assessment in order to keep the efficient ones only has been adopted as a second step as well, in addition to planning to put a new strategy for early retirement. These things are part of what the Gulf Air is trying to do in order to recover from the occurring losses, aiming on reaching to the breakeven point within year 2012. -Reputation of the Gulf Air: The Gulf Air with the golden falcon had a rotated reputation during the sixty years of its life; many claimed that it has changed a lot from the eighties when it used to have remarkable and unique service and reached to a week level of reputation on many of its features compared to other rivals. Several factors affected positively and negatively on the reputation of the Gulf Air including: 1. Level of the service. Clients are considered the main component in the recipe of success of any service provider company, hence the Gulf Air has been trying to do its best o provide a comfortable and successful aviation service to its passengers, and to gain loyalty of some clients. One of the programs that was set is loyalty miles that enable the client to accumulate miles whenever he/ she travels using the Gulf Air, providing three levels of miles cards, the blue, silver, and golden which varies with the degree of loyalty of the client, the level of the service he/ she uses, and frequency of using the service. These miles will enable the client after having a good sum of miles to get free or discounted tickets and services. Other services provided by the Gulf Air including reservation of hotels and renting cars from one of its partners that are specialized in providing such services, where you can accumulate additional miles by using their services. An additional point is providing electronic service through its website, such as reserving airline tickets and other services through its specialized website, and specifying a table for discounted tickets and other services on the front page of the website, as well as providing any detailed information concerning the Gulf Air for its clients. Despite these good services that are in the hand of the Gulf Air, they have other drawbacks affecting the service and making them out of trend. For instance, many clients have spread their complaints on the website of the Gulf Air, they claimed that the service provided needs a lot of improvement starting with the hospitality and coordination of the fly attendants, and ending with providing entertaining services and safe environment abroad, as well as taking care of the tidiness of the airplanes toilets and seats. Many of the clients were complaining about the low level of service in the first class and its unsuitability to be related to that class. Other important fact that has been affecting the reputation of the Gulf Air service is having lots of delayed and canceled trips over its history. Statistics demonstrated that only in year 2008 the number of cancelled airplanes reached 661 trips, and about 5011 trips were delayed. Most of these numbers were caused by technical defects. That led us to the conclusion of the necessity of providing intensive concentration on the problem of technical defects. In addition the company should keep up with clients desires, by providing air planes that are occupied with the best technology of entertaining especially for long trips, as well as taking care of the tidiness and safety issues as they should be put as a top request. 2. Incident: 1) 23 Aug 2000: Gulf Air Flight 072 crashed into the Arab Gulf on approach to Bahrain International Airport from Cairo. The A320 with 143 passengers and crew on board approached the landing at higher speeds than normal and carried out an unusual low altitude orbit in an attempt to correct the approach. The orbit was unsuccessful and a go-around was attempted. While carrying out a turning climb the aircraft entered a descent at 15 degrees nose down. The aircrew did not respond to repeated GPWS warnings and approximately one minute after starting the go-around the aircraft disappeared from radar screens. There were no survivors. 36 children were on the aircraft. The accident investigation concluded that the primary cause of the crash was pilot error (including spatial disorientation), with a secondary factor being systemic organizational and oversight issues. Flight 072 was the the highest death toll of any accident involving an Airbus A320 at that time. 2) 23 Sep 1983: Gulf Air Flight 771 was a flight from Karachi, Pakistan to Qatar via Abu Dhabi. On that date, a bomb exploded in the baggage compartment. The plane crashed in the desert near Mina Jebel Ali between Abu Dhabi and Dubai in the UAE. All seven crew members and 105 passengers died. Most of the dead passengers were Pakistani nationals, many returning after spending the Eid ul-Adha holiday with their families in Pakistan ) Nov 12th 2009, hydraulics failure :The crew of a Gulf Air Airbus A320-200, registration A9C-AD performing flight GF-510 from Bahrain to Dubai reported a hydraulics failure while on approach to Dubai. The airplane landed safely on Dubais runway 12L and was able to vacate the runway. 4) Dec 20th 2008, engine fire before takeoff : A Gulf Air Airbus A321-200, registration A9C-ES performing flight GF65 from Mumbai (India) to Bahrain with 124 passengers and 9 crew, w as lined up on the departure runway waiting for takeoff, when the left engine caught fire. The crew initiated an immediate evacuation via slides. Fire services were able to quickly contain and extinguish the fire. Mumbais main runway was closed for 45 minutes until the airplane could be towed off the runway. Several arriving flights had to divert as a result. The flight was cancelled and the passengers were brought to hotels. | 5) Feb 6th 2006, open freight door indication: a Gulf Air A340-300, flight GF2 from London Heathrow to Bahrain, diverted to Istanbul after an indication, that one of the freight doors had opened. It was determined after the safe landing, that indication was faulty, and the plane continued its journey after about 90 minutes on ground. | 6) Maintenance Incident: Gulf Air A340 dropped engine| 7) Apr 10th 2010, rejected takeoff: A rejected takeoff from Bahrains runway 30R at high speed when the right hand engine burst into flames with a loud bang leaving debris and spilled fluids on the runway. The airplane came to a safe stop. An airport official reported, that the airport had to be closed for about 2. 5 hours until the runway was cleaned and the airplane was removed from the runway. After the engine blew up the crew rejected takeoff, activated the engine fire suppression system and alerted ATC before they evacuated. Emergency services responded and put out the fire. The runway received minor damage. Eight arriving flights needed to divert to Damman (Saudi Arabia), five flights diverted to Doha (Qatar) and one to Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates )departed the engine and were collected from the runway. 8) A Gulf Air Airbus A330-200, flight GF-57 from Mumbai (India) to Bahrain with 222 people on board, was about 30 minutes into the flight, when the crew returned to Mumbai due to a technical malfunction. The airplane landed safely about 60 minutes after departure, but needed to be towed off the runway. | 3. Competition: The main competition of Gulf Air are Bahrain Air , Emirates, Qatar airway, Air Arabia and Aljazeera airways Gulf Air With its fleet of around 30 aircraft Gulf Air remains by far the biggest carrier at the airport offering flights to 39 destinations in Africa, Asia and Europe as well as within the Middle East. Apart from London, Paris and Frankfurt, Gulf Air also operates European flights to Greece and Cyprus . The prices of Gulf Air: Now a day we see that there is reluctance to travel at this time of year compared to the years before. Because of the high prices, which included airline tickets that registered an increase ranging between 30 and 40%, that the airlines claim that this rise is due to the large increase in taxes and fuel prices. But in fact, that the increase in fuel and taxes has been happened years ago, so there is no justification for this increase, just that they want to compensate there loss. Most of people that they want to travel always compare between the prices of the airlines and if we compare between the Gulf Air prices and Aljazeera airways we see that there is deference between them. 5. Sponsors ships: Gulf Air sponsors events, of which the most prestigious is the Bahrain Grand Prix. This is usually the third race of the Formula One season and is held in March or April of each year. They have also recently become sponsors of the English football Championship side Queens Park Rangers F. C. Gulf Air also signed a sponsorship with the Oman national football team in 2006. 6. Social Responsibility. As it has been noticed over the years and especially over the last few years, the Gulf Air has been especially keen to be more socially responsible, by contributing in many events and concerns of the society. One of the most important concerns is it contribution in the process of reducing the amount of air pollution by reducing the amount of the oil. 5-Employees affairs. One of the reasons of the Gulf Air survival was its human force and its employees inside the company, therefore the Gulf Air has been trying its best to provide proper job environment and appropriate work conditions. Many financial incentives are being provided to the employees of the Gulf Air including annual free tickets, discounted tickets for the employee, his her spouse, kids and parents, health insurance, and discounted fee for the Gulf Air club, clinic and hotel. And when it comes to the salaries of the employees many employees consider it relatively moderate which reflects the tender care that the company provides for its employees. As an interview has been held with one of the employees from the IT department who carries a itle of IT infrastructure architect, he demonstrated that other departments of the company need to improve the coordination with their department, and the y should come to realize the essence of their department by changing the idea that the IT people are PC technicians and understanding how important is their department for exploiting the new technology for the benefit of each department and therefore the entire company. He claimed that either the department should ta ke a step toward this issue or the company itself in order to change the mentality of other employees toward the IT department. Another interview was held with the only e-marketing specialist in the Gulf Air who demonstrated that the Gulf Air is specifying a special budget for the sake of marketing of its services. There are several street banners were hanged in some targeted places, and e-marketing is being used effectively for promotion, by taking special care of the website of the company and its way of submitting the necessary information for clients, and by sending e-mails of the latest offers for specified people on a regular basis. She had several complaints as well concerning the coordination between the departments, she said that many significant information for their work is being received late by other departments, which affect the flow of their work and consequently affect the company as a whole. Both of the employees commented on the new strategy of the Gulf Air, and they expect good future results as the government as well as the employees are keener to lead the company to survival. They claimed that the company strategy of laying off surplus employees and submitting a new early retirement strategy are definitely for the benefit of the company even though it is not for the benefit of the employees. One of the most important issues concerning employees is the temporary contracts that have been used since 2005 by the company with its new employees. The employees carry contracts of a limited period that are renewed after a specified period such as two years. Many believe that it is a good way to release employees that are not of much use to the company, but from the employees point of view it makes a threat of unemployment for them and make them insecure. When looking at this issue it seems to be of good benefit from one side to the employees, as it will encourage them to work harder. A final issue is about the crew of the airplanes. It has been noticed lately that many complaints from clients are being submitted, many complain that the flyer attendants are not concerned about providing the service in an appropriate manner. Others claimed that they lack skills of customer service and safety. One of the facts that affect the attitudes of the crew is that most of the members of the staff are foreigners and they usually intend to take the experience from the Gulf Air and then resign to have better offers else where. This will definitely make them unconcerned about the reputation of the Gulf Air as they wont be regular employees, and therefore will not pay attention in acting in a responsible way. A good step in the new strategy is made, which is employing Bahraini staff and training them intensively. Bahraini employees may become more concerned about the company affairs as it is a company that its survival or termination will affect the economy of the country and therefore lives of many Bahraini people. Despite that previously occurred mistakes and negligence from employees might occur, therefore and intensive training should be accompanied with regular monitoring and assessment of the crew. Reports should be made for each member and therefore should be rewarded or punished in accordance to the attitude showed. The final out coming: Through our study of Gulf Air We conclude that its really in need of radical changes in infrastructure, despite its success in the past and its good reputation, but this thing does not help her now as several competitors are appeared, who offer for the travelers better service and even lower price than Gulf Air does. Conclusion The Gulf Air is a company that the survival of many employees is correlated with its survival. Therefore the government is being keen to provide its support to the company. And as a result a new strategy was made aiming with big hope to bring the company to the breakeven point within the year 2012. Everyone is looking forward to the future hoping that the new strategy will make a hit in the world of Bahraini aviation. And the question remains whether the company will be able to keep up with its rivals, and what the new strategies are if it is fated to the Gulf Air to reach the breakeven point. Age Under 18| 0| 18-25| 20| 25-35| 7| over 35| 3| Have you ever traveled using the Gulf air airlines? answer| Repetition| percentage| Yes| 29| 97%| No| 1| 3%| Total| 30| %100| How do you describe the trip? answer| Repetition| percentage| Bad| 3| 10%| Not bad| 5| 17%| Good| 15| 52%| Very comfortable| 6| 21%| Total| 29| %100| To which country (ies) was your trip(s)? answer| Repetition| percentage| Kuwait| 35| 28%| UAE| 24| 19. 2%| KSA-Makka| 6| 4. 8%| Iran | 5| 4%| Jordan | 5| 4%| India| 6| 4. 8%| Egypt | 4| 3. 2%| Thailand | 6| 4. 8%| Qatar| 34| 27. 2%| Total| 125| %100| Was seat reservation for trips easy? answer| Repetition| percentage| Yes| 26| 90%| No| 3| 10%| Total| 29| %100| How can you describe the trip? Answer| Repetition| percentage| Cheep| 0| 0%| Moderate | 17| 59%| Expensive| 12| 41%| Total| 29| %100| Have you faced any problems in your trip(s) nswer| Repetition| percentage| Yes| 10| 34%| No| 19| 66%| Total| 29| %100| Was any of the trips delayed or cancelled? answer| Repetition| percentage| Yes| 15| 52%| No| 14| 48%| Total| 29| %100| Will you use the Gulf air for other trips? answer| Repetition| percentage| Yes| 25| 86%| No| 4| 14%| Total| 29| %100| How do you describe the cabin attendants of the Gulf air? Answer| Repetition| percentage| Cooperative| 12| 42%| Well trained | 11| 38%| Impolite| 3| 10%| Lack training| 3| 10%| Total | 29| %100| How generally do you describe the service of the Gulf air? Answer| Repetition| percentage| Bad| 2| 7%| Not too bad| 11| 38%| Good| 14| 48%| Excellent| 2| 7%| Total | 29| %100| Recommendations: 65. 5% of the people say in their recommendations that they want from Gulf Air to reduce the prices of their tickets it not that expensive but when you compare it with other companies and the services they provide you will see that it is expensive. And the other 34. 5% recommendations are to make more trips to other countries and the must change some of their air plans also change the seats. and they must have more Bahraini employees in the cabin.

3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction

3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction 3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction 3 Sentences with Flawed Parallel Construction By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, an attempt to make a list within a sentence has gone awry. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and one or two revisions suggest solutions. 1. We have specific plans about what we are going to do, how and when. This sentence implies a list consisting of â€Å"what we are going to do, how we are going to do them, and when we are going to do them,† but it elides one word too many: â€Å"We have specific plans about what we are going to do, and how and when.† 2. He holds various roles, from celebrated guest, martial arts envoy, unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant. If what appears to be a list of associated nouns or noun phrases is preceded by from, it is not a list, but a range that includes one or more intermediate parameters, so from should be complemented by to, and the sentence must be further revised so that parameters are connected with conjunctions, thereby combining to be clearly associated with either to or from: â€Å"He holds various roles, from celebrated guest to martial arts envoy and unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant. Alternatively, revise the sentence slightly to avoid the range construction altogether: â€Å"He holds various roles, including celebrated guest, martial arts envoy, unofficial chargà © d’affaires, and even close confidant.† 3. The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, compliance with internal and public company requirements, and to support future growth. The grammatical structure of the final list item is inconsistent with those preceding it- it alone includes an infinitive phrase (â€Å"to support†)- so revise it to match the others by shifting support from a verb to a noun: â€Å"The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, compliance with internal and public company requirements, and support of future growth.† Alternatively, convert the third item to a final item by inserting a conjunction before it, then make what was the final item a distinct phrase by inserting an of before it to make it parallel with the list (which is preceded by of) and changing the form of the verb: â€Å"The company has embarked on the initiative with the objectives of process improvement, increased automation, and compliance with internal and public company requirements and of supporting future growth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsPunctuation Is Powerful

AOL Project GSB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AOL Project GSB - Essay Example The CEO Sally Smith, a mother of two, is a graduate of the University of North Dakota and holds BSc in Accounting and business administration. She held the position of chief financial officer at Dahlberg Inc. for 11 years before she was hired by BWLD in 1994 as a CFO and promoted to CEO in 1996. The strategies that Buffalo Wild Wings put forward in 2013 accomplished its goals to remain a high-growth, category-leading concept. It has significantly funded new strategic plans, invests in growth and imperatively distributed its earnings to shareholders. Its gross margin over the period 2013 was 27.0% and the operating margin was 9.6%, percentages that are above industry average. The company’s net margin stood at 6.5%. The company is fuelling its growth by increasing demand for its products and services. BWLD’s gross margin is inching upward implying that the company is continuously beating competitors and acquiring domination in the restaurant industry. The company continue s expanding through mergers and acquisitions and the dividends and its payout ratio upsurge. The risks and uncertainties involved in investing in the company are highlighted to caution investors against potential market failures and impending indecisions. The stock price increased by 52% and the company provided substantial value to its shareholders with a EPS $3.80, DEPS of $3.79. Revenue increased and was used to offer a salary increment to its directors. Apparently, its impressive stock performance acted as a momentous factor that fascinated investors. The 10k annual report reveals that the latest earnings that enable it to actively acquire a chain of restaurants that are small to reduce the acquisition cost. The buffalo wild wing company is in a position and determined to expand its base to targeted North American. This started as a result of

Autobiographical Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Autobiographical Narrative - Essay Example Being the class president, I did not want any of my classmates to know this. Soon the D-day reached, and off we were to the bus on our way for our class party. There was an aura of excitement, and the skies were clear as if to assure us of the fun we were going to have. The journey to the Miami Beach was fun and noisy classmates could be heard from the back of the bus, talking excitedly of how they could not wait to take a dip into the ocean. I thought about all these things and deep inside me I knew there was a huge task ahead of me. The engine roared mightily and their voices were subdued. I was sited near the driver’s seat and I could see my teacher looking at me. He suddenly as if he remembered something, asked,†By the way you are the class president, and I expect you not to let me down. I need to see everybody having fun and at the same time, well behaved, â€Å"I nodded in the affirmative and told him everything would be in control. After this there was silence in the bus and as I glanced over my shoulder, minutes later, I realized that everybody was asleep. I adjusted my seat belt, made myself comfortable and within two or three minutes I was in slumber land. â€Å"Miami here we come! Miami here we come! Miami here we come!†I was suddenly awakened by the voices of my classmates as they chanted we had arrived at our destination. I looked out of the window just to see the huge orange ball taking its dip for the day on the clear sky of Miami Beach. It was a sight to behold and I thought for the umpteenth time how I would one day own a beach house and all this would be mine to enjoy, for as long as I lived. After checking in our hotel rooms and freshening up we were all ready for our supper. We all gathered in the beautifully furnished dining room, and as we savored the sumptuous meal, you could read satisfaction on the faces of everyone. Their faces radiated joy and without being told, it was clear that

Stages of Child Language Acquisition

Stages of Child Language Acquisition A child starts to communicate with those around him/her since birth, although in the first few months this communication occurs on a non-verbal level. However, as a child develops physically, he/she gradually acquires language skills. Overall, child language acquisition begins from phonological development and proceeds to syntactic and semantic development. The aim of the present essay is to analyse three major stages of the first language acquisition (phonological, syntactic and semantic). Although linguists and other scholars have agreed in opinion that language is a process of acquisition (rather than the process of learning), they provide contradictory theories of child language acquisition (Cole Cole, 1996). Among the most famous theories are a reinforcement theory, an imitation theory, a critical-age theory and an analogy theory. Despite the fact that all these theories present a valid explanation of language acquisition, certain problems occur when they are applied to practic e. The most likely interpretation of phonological, syntactic and semantic development of a child is provided by imitation and analogy theories; hence, these theoretical concepts are employed for the analysis. According to these theories, the process of child language acquisition is aimed at adjusting to adults’ speech that has its rules and structures. As acquisition of language is a rather intricate process, a child only listens to adults’ speech in the first few months. Actually, in this period a child is involved in the process of language perception rather than the process of language production (See Table 1). However, as a child reaches the age of 6 months, he/she starts to pronounce various sounds (Fee, 1995). At first a child pronounces vowel sounds and further he/she manages to unite vowels and consonants (e.g. sa, da, ma, ba, di, ti, gu, etc.). At approximately 8 months a child constantly repeats syllables (e.g. ba-ba-ba or di-di-di) and by 12 months he/she successfully combines these syllables into a simple word (e.g. â€Å"mama†, â€Å"papa† or â€Å"baba†). It is significant that child’s pronunciation of sounds also reflects intonation and stress; according to Echols and Newport (1992), through these patterns a child makes an attempt to impart certain meaning or reveal his/her emotions . This babbling is the initial step in child’s phonological development (Macken, 1995); the true phonological skills are exposed by a child at approximately 1.4 years (though even at the age of 0.4 – 0.9 months a child already has some phonological abilities, as he manages to recognise native and non-native speech). At this time a child demonstrates comprehension of the relation between sounds and meanings; moreover, he/she starts to identify phonemic differences in adult speech. In the process of sound production a child certainly makes pronunciation mistakes that linguists regard as phonological deviations. Generally, phonological deviations are divided into two basic categories: substitution errors and syllable errors (Bankson Bernthal, 1998). Further, these categories are divided into several sub-categories, including weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, consonant cluster reduction, velar fronting, palatal fronting, stopping, gliding of liquids, word final devoicing, etc. Due to an immature speech apparatus, some sounds are more complex for child’s pronunciation than others; for instance, such consonant sounds as â€Å"l† and â€Å"r† are learned by a child later than sounds â€Å"p† and â€Å"m†, because the former sounds are phonetically similar, while the latter sounds are different. As a result, a child substitutes voiceless sounds with voiced sounds (e.g. â€Å"gap’ instead of â€Å"cap† or â€Å"tad† instead of â€Å"dad†); it is context sensitive voicing. The second deviation is word final devoicing; it is a process when final voiced consonants are substituted with voiceless consonants (â€Å"dad’ is pronounced as â€Å"dat†). A child may also employ final consonant deletion, pronouncing â€Å"co† instead of â€Å"cow† or â€Å"pin† instead of â€Å"pink†. Velar fronting (e.g. â€Å"tiss† instead of â€Å"kiss†) and palatal f ronting (e.g. â€Å"sake† instead of â€Å"shake†) are used by a child, because it is easier for him/her to pronounce consonants that are at the front of the mouth and teeth. Other phonological deviations include weak syllable deletion (â€Å"pape† instead of â€Å"paper†), consonant harmony (â€Å"goggy† instead of â€Å"doggy), cluster reduction (â€Å"tool† instead of â€Å"stool†), stopping (â€Å"pan† instead of â€Å"fan†) and gliding of liquids (â€Å"wat† instead of â€Å"rat). In reality, as Maye, Werker Gerken (2002) demonstrate in their research, a child perceives accurate phonemic contrasts, but he/she is unable to produce correct sounds until a proper age. Moreover, unlike adults, an infant may even distinguish foreign phonemic contrasts from native contrasts; due to this ability a child who is adopted in a foreign country may easily acquire language of his/her parents. At the age of 3-4 years most children learn to rightfully pronounce all sounds, eliminating the majority of phonological deviations. However, some children may continue to employ these deviations in their speech; specialists regard these children as individuals with certain phonological disorders that may have a detrimental effect on their reading skills (Ingram, 1989). When a child learns how to pronounce simple words, he/she proceeds to combine known words into small utterances. In this respect, a child acquires syntactic skills that are usually developed in two stages: the holophrastic stage and the two-word stage. During the holophrastic stage (between 0.9 and 1.0 years) a child forms one-word utterances with a certain intonation. In general, these utterances are composed of either verbs or nouns, while adjectives and other parts of speech are acquired by a child afterwards. In fact, it is rather difficult for adults to interpret child’s one-word sentences, as, for instance, â€Å"book† may mean that he/she wants his/her parents to read a book or that he/she sees a book or that he/she does not like this book. The situation is even more complicated when a child pronounces a phrase without intervals. According to O’Grady (1997), â€Å"many children initially treat what’s that? look at that, come here, and similar expre ssions as single units that are linked holistically to a particular situational context† (p.13). In other words, if a child hears phrases that are somehow stressed, he/she may extract them from the rest of speech and use them as a single entity, making no pauses among words. In the two-word stage (1.5-2.0 years) a child creates two-word sentences that are pronounced with single intonation and start to reflect the first semantic relations, for instance, â€Å"baby read† or â€Å"sit table† (Pinker, 1994). In general, these utterances are categorised as follows: 1) Noun Utterances: My apple, His Daddy. 2) Verb Utterances: Me play, Girl sing. 3) Questions: Mom read? Baba go? 4) Negatives: Not eat, No shirt. As the examples show, though these sentences are not grammatically right yet, they are constructed in a right order (Ingram, 1989). By the age of 2-3 years a child easily produces several thousand syntactic utterances, and the major stress in these utterances is placed on the word that provides more information (e.g. â€Å"Mummy COME† or â€Å"MUMMY come†). Initially, these sentences lack such function units as â€Å"on†, â€Å"the† or â€Å"of† and such inflections as â€Å"-s†, â€Å"-ing† or â€Å"-ed† (hence, child’s speech at this stage is usually regarded as â€Å"telegraphic speech†), but gradually a child includes negations, passives, comparatives, relative clauses and conjunctions in his/her sentences. In some cases a child may use right patterns and wrong patterns in one sentence, for instance, I reading and Mama is cooking. Such a combination reveals that a child knows certain grammar patterns, but he/sh e has not mastered them yet. However, if an adult uses these patterns incorrectly, he/she will obviously point at the mistake. As a child acquires knowledge of such a pattern as â€Å"-ed†, he/she usually turns to overregularisation, that is, a process when all verbs become regular in child’s speech (e.g. â€Å"goed† or â€Å"spended†). This overregularisation can be explained by the fact that a child acquires a language in certain patterns and, as he/she learns the pattern (e.g. â€Å"mama helped† or â€Å"baba claimed†), he/she applies this pattern to other verbs, including irregular verbs. It is certainly easier for a child to apply â€Å"-ed† to all verbs than to memorise all irregular verbs and differentiate regular verbs from irregular verbs. As the time passes, a child learns to change the wrong verb form for a right form. In addition, he/she gradually acquires knowledge of definite and indefinite articles, plural nouns, linkin g verbs and possessive cases. However, even when a child acquires knowledge of all these rules and patterns, he/she may still be unable to form complex utterances; consequently, a child may turn to the repetition of certain phrases to fill gaps in his/her speech. Finally, as a child manages to create simple sentences, he/she acquires semantic skills (approximately 3.0 years). As word acquisition intensifies, a child collides with a necessity to form semantic patterns; above all, a child uses those content categories that refer to objects, events and humans, although usage of these categories greatly depends on social, cultural and linguistic aspects. However, in all cultures a meaning that a child puts into a certain object or an utterance differs from a usual adult speech. As Harris (1990) states, young children â€Å"are able to express complex meanings, although these meanings are concerned with the current interests and needs, rather than abstract concepts or events that are distant in terms of time or space† (p.4). If a child mainly interacts with his/her peers, then he/she adjusts language to this childish realm. As a rule, a child employs either overgeneralisation or underextension when he/she creates semantic patterns. As for the first process, a child provides a word with more meanings than the word has; for example, he/she may apply the word â€Å"fox† to different animals. In the case of underextension, a child uses fewer meanings than a word has in a usual vocabulary; for example, he/she may associate a word â€Å"arm† only with a mother who touches him/her. In other instances a child fails to recognise a word. Besides, if a child can not find an appropriate word during speech, he/she may devise completely new words with new meanings. However, as a child grows and interacts with people in different situations, he/she learns more meanings of words and utterances (Beals Tabors, 1995). This especially regards interactions with adults; as adult speech is more sophisticated, a child memorises unknown patterns and then employs them in his/her speech. Hence, as a child acquires words and phrases with a profound semantic content, he/she gradually eliminates less semantically valid patterns. According to Frawley (1992), a child’s early semantic patterns reflect the following semantic categories: Agent and Action Cat run Agent and Object Girl doll Entity and Locative Baba far Attribute and Entity Wet hair Agent and Location Mother bath Action and Recipient Give birdie Possessor and Possession Papa pen But as a child shapes linguistic skills (3.5–4.0 years), he/she starts to employ more semantic categories, such as number, time, colour, substance, shape, position, etc., for instance, â€Å"Mummy and I went to a playground†, â€Å"My doll cries and I calm her† or â€Å"I give it to you†. Mastering the major concepts of grammar/meaning relations, a child manages to gradually employ complex grammar patterns: negatives: shouldn’t, needn’t, couldn’t; when-questions (as well as what and why): When do you go? tag-questions: You will go with me, will you? be + verb + -ing: Is Mummy Cooking? compound utterances: Papa is working and I am playing. if sentences: I will do if I wish. Thus, analysing child language acquisition, the essay suggests that from 6 months to 4-5 years a child gradually acquires phonological, syntactic and semantic skills. Although every child develops individually, language acquisition reflects common stages of speech perception and production. Some researchers (e.g. Pinker, 1994; O’Grady, 1997) claim that syntactic and semantic development of a child occurs simultaneously. The fact is that meanings of some verbs can not be understood by a child merely from a context; it is the knowledge of syntactic patterns that provides a child with an opportunity to rightfully uncover the meaning of these verbs. Whether this viewpoint is valid or not, it is absolutely clear that while a child has inborn abilities for language, he/she needs specific social environment to acquire it. This became especially obvious with a discovery of Amala and Kamala, the feral children who were brought up with wolves and could not speak at all. Such findings ce rtainly refute an innate hypothesis and reveal that linguistic skills of a child are formed by and within society. Table 1. Stages of Child Language Acquisition* Phonology From birth to 0.5 years – perception of adult speech; 0.6 years – pronunciation of the first sounds (vowels → consonants → vowels + consonants); 0.8 years – repetition of syllables and recognition of phonemic differences; 1.0 year – understanding of the relation between sounds and meaning; Use of phonological deviations: 1.4 years cluster reduction 2 years – weak syllable deletion initial consonant deletion final consonant deletion 2.0-3.0 years – palatal fronting velar fronting stopping gliding of liquids Syntax 0.9–1.0 years – â€Å"the holophrastic stage† – formation of one-word utterances; 1.5-2.0 years – â€Å"telegraphic speech†, formation of two-word utterances; 2.0–3.0 years – overregularisation of grammar Semantics 3.0 years – application of meaning to language patterns and grammar structures; Use of either overgeneralisation or Underextension Use of the following semantic categories: 1) Agent and Action 2) Agent and Object 3) Entity and Locative 4) Attribute and Entity 5) Agent and Location 6) Action and Recipient 7) Possessor and Possession 3.5-4.0 years – knowledge of complex grammar patterns: negatives; when-questions; tag-questions; be + verb + -ing; compound utterances; if sentences * The ages of child’s language development are approximate; the data in this table are generalised, while every child acquires phonological, syntactic and semantic skills on an individual basis. However, such a generalisation is important, as it allows specialists to reveal any deviations from the normal development of children. Bibliography Bankson, N. Bernthal, J. (1998) Analysis of assessment data. In: J. Bernthal and N. Bankson (eds.) Articulation and Phonological Disorders. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann. pp.270-298. Beals, D. E. Tabors, P. O. (1995) Arboretum, bureaucratic and carbohydrate: Preschoolers’ exposure to rare vocabulary at home. First Language, 15, 57-76. Cole, M. Cole, S. (1996) The Development of Children. New York, W. H. Freeman Company. Echols, C. Newport, E. (1992) The role of stress and position in determining first words. Language Acquisition, 2, 189-220. Fee, J. (1995) Segments and syllables in early language acquisition. In: J. Archibald (ed.) Phonological Acquisition and Phonological Theory. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum. pp.43-61. Frawley, W. (1992) Linguistic Semantics. Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Harris, J. (1990) Early Language Development: Implications for Clinical and Educational Practice. London, Routledge. Ingram, D. (1989) First Language Acquisition: Method, Description, and Explanation. New York, Cambridge University Press. Macken, M. (1995) Phonological acquisition. In: J. A. Goldsmith (ed.) The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Cambridge, Blackwell. pp.671-696. Maye, J., Werker, J. F. Gerken, L. (2002) Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition, 82 (3), 101-111. O’Grady, W. (1997) Syntactic Development. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Pinker, S. (1994) How could a child use verb syntax to learn verb semantics? Lingua, 92, 377-410. AN ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC ROLES 2007 Until the 70s years of the 20th century semantics was completely excluded from any studies of grammar (Lyons, 1995; Bach, 2002). But recently, linguists and researchers have recognised a great variety of semantic roles (or theta roles) that provide valid information as to grammar/meaning relations (Cutrer, 1993). According to Payne (1997), a semantic role is a specific role that is classified in accordance with its meaning and is performed by a participant with regard to the principal verb of an utterance. In other words, semantic roles provide an opportunity to identify either similarities or dissimilarities of verb’s meanings in sentences. Actually, some semantic roles are regarded as principal, while others are thought to be less crucial for a linguistic analysis. But, as Langacker (1991) points out, â€Å"there is no unique or exclusive set of role conceptions. Those cited as archetypal are analogous to the highest peak in a mountain range: they coexist with others that m ay be significant despite their lesser salience† (p.237). The major semantic roles include Agent, Patient, Instrument, Theme, Cause, Experience, Goal, Benefective (or Beneficiary), Source, Location, Temporal and Path (Jackendoff, 1990; Dowty, 1991). According to Van Valin (1999), semantic relations may be also divided into two groups: the first group includes the usual semantic roles, such as Agent, Patient, Theme, etc., while the second group includes merely two semantic roles – Actor and Undergoer. The roles of the second group are usually referred to as semantic macroroles. Although this categorisation is not universally accepted, nevertheless, it is employed by researchers for a profound investigation of grammar/meaning relations. In the present analysis the classification of Jackendoff (1990) and Dowty (1991) is used. Let’s start from the following examples: Teddy killed the deer with a hunting rifle. A hunting riffle killed a deer. A deer was killed. In the first sentence Teddy performs a semantic role of an Agent, while in grammatical relations Teddy is a Subject. For all that, Teddy is associated with a hunting rifle by means of a grammar/meaning relation of a â€Å"kill† event. In the second sentence a semantic role of a Hunting Riffle is an Instrument, but in grammatical relations it is a Subject. Finally, in the third sentence a Deer appears in a semantic role of a Patient, while in grammatical relations it is again a Subject. Actually, if two participants are involved in an action of a sentence, a grammar/meaning relation is considered to be asymmetric. For instance, in the sentence Jimmy touched Marry two participants are involved in the action, but they perform various roles. Jimmy is a person who starts the action, thus, he is an Agent, while Marry is a person who is influenced by Jimmy’s action and she is a Patient. In this context, an Agent performs a conscious segment of a particular action and a Patient unconsciously responds to this action. As the above example demonstrates, an Agent should necessarily be alive, as it starts an action; however, this attribute is not ascribed to a Patient that is influenced by an action either in a direct or indirect way. There are some English sentences, where only an Agent is presented, such as Steven took a two-week holiday. Although this sentence differs from the previous utterance, both examples belong to a â€Å"do† category. But there are other categories of events, and sometimes it is really difficult to identify the right category (Frawley, 1992). The fact is that English sentences may reflect many similar features, but, despite these similarities, they may reveal various events and different semantic roles. For instance, in the sentence Peter heard a noise, Peter is a participant, but unlike prior examples, Peter does not appear as an Agent, because he is not an initiator of the action, he is an Experiencer. Therefore, such sentences may be attributed to an â€Å"experi ence† category. However, sentences that belong to this category may pose certain problems, as they may demonstrate different peculiarities of events, changing semantic roles in utterances. For example, in the sentence Ann looked at Ted, Ann is an Agent of the action, though she is also an Experiencer (similar to Peter from the previous example). Ann consciously pays heed to something, while Peter is unconscious of his action. Both sentences look similar, but peculiarities of events and semantic roles are different in these utterances. The second complexity that may occur in the process of analysis refers to the second participant of the discussed sentence. While in sentences with a â€Å"do† category the second participant is a Patient, because it is influenced by the Agent’s act, in sentences with an â€Å"experience† category the second participant (e.g. Ted) is not a Patient, as it is not influenced by the Agent’s act. As the above sentence shows , Ted is necessary for better understanding of the event; hence, he may be considered as a Theme of an action. But some utterances in this category have neither an Agent nor a Patient, though at the first sight it is easy to make a mistake. For example, in the sentence Danny loves Mag there are no agents or patients, as Danny does not perform any action and Mag is not explicitly or implicitly influenced by this action (probably she does not even know of Danny’s feelings). In this utterance Danny is an Experiencer, while Mag is a Theme. Unlike semantic roles, grammar roles can be identified more easily; in the discussed sentence Danny is a subject and Mag is an object. In fact, one grammar constituent may have a number of semantic roles; for example, a subject may involve an Experiencer, an Agent, a Patient, while an object may include a Theme, a Patient, an Instrument, etc. Thus, semantic roles provide more accurate and profound information as to the meaning of an utterance than grammar roles; however, both grammar roles and semantic roles are crucial for linguistics. In addition to the mentioned categories, there is also a â€Å"happen† category that is rather facile. For instance, the sentence My car is broken has one participant that is explicitly influenced by an action; that is why this participant (My car) is a Patient (there is no Agent in this utterance). Unlike a â€Å"happen† category, a so called â€Å"information transfer† category may pose certain difficulties for those who analyse semantic roles. In the sentence Jerome informed Timmy of a conference there are two participants – Jerome and Timmy. But while Jerome is an Agent of the occurred event, Timmy is not a Patient, as one may consider, taking into account the previous examples. In this utterance Timmy is a Recipient, and a Patient is absent in this sentence – neither Timmy nor information can be regarded as a Patient, because information is not directly or indirectly influenced by Timmy or by the transfer. In this regard, information in the discussed utterance is a Theme of the event. Overall, in all mentioned examples nouns and adjectives refer or point at a particular event; however, there are also sentences, where these parts of speech pay heed to a specific state instead of an event. Such utterances relate to a â€Å"be† category. For instance, in the sentence Viola is healthy again, Viola is a Participant that also appears as a Theme. In this utterance the state of Viola is determined by the adjective â€Å"healthy†, but not by a verb (as in the prior examples). Therefore, â€Å"healthy† fulfils a predicative role, unlike verbs in preceding sentences that fulfil an attributive role. Sentences in this category may also reflect temporal relations, like in the following utterance: Garry is in front of Nick. In this sentence there are two participants that certainly appear in temporal relations; undoubtedly, if the sentence is changed for Nick is behind Garry, the relations between Nick and Garry will not be altered. In this respect, both participants perform the role of a Theme in the sentence. In view of all observed examples, it is obvious that participants may fulfil either a central role or a marginal role in the action; that is, a division is made between the principal and secondary participants. For instance, in the sentence Nelly embraced Steve before the guests, Nelly is the principal participant, an Agent, while Steve is the secondary participant, an Instrument with the help of which Nelly fulfils the action. Even if an Agent is absent, as in the sentence A stone broke the fence, there is a supposed Agent and an Instrument. Moreover, if two participants are mentioned in a sentence, the secondary participant may perform a role of a Beneficiary, as in the following example: Mommy did homework for Sally. In this utterance Sally is a Beneficiary, as another person (his Mommy) does homework for him. Therefore, the analysed sentences demonstrate that each semantic role may reflect different properties, and identification of these properties may be rather problematic in t he process of analysis, resulting in frequent confusions. Table 2 below epitomises the observed semantic roles, their major functions and possible problems. Table 2. Major semantic roles Semantic role Function Possible confusions / problems Agent The principal participant (always animate) that starts an action An Experiencer may be wrongly regarded as an Agent But: An Agent consciously fulfils an action, while An Experiencer is not consciously involved in the action’s fulfilment Patient The principal participant (either inanimate or animate) that is influenced by an event In certain cases a Patient may perform a role of an Agent This occurs in instances that signify moves; that is, when a participant simultaneously performs an action and is influenced by it Instrument The secondary participant with the help of which an Agent fulfils an action If there are both an Agent and a Causer in a sentence, it may be difficult to rightfully identify instruments of an Agent and a Causer The instrument for a Causer is an Agent An Agent possesses other instruments Theme The principal participant that does not induce an event and is not influenced by it In the case of temporal relations there are usually two themes, instead of one Experiencer The principal participant (always animate) that does not explicitly fulfil an action; instead, it undergoes a certain state (or an event) As an Experiencer is influenced by a state (or an event), it may be confused with a Patient or even with an Agent (when an action coincides with experience) Beneficiary The secondary participant (always animate) that make gains from a certain event A Beneficiary should not be confused with a Patient that is the principal participant Recipient The objective (always animate) of an event that is connected with a transfer A recipient may perform a role of an Agent in such a sentence as â€Å"Father took a strange envelop from Jack† As is shown in Table 2, there are no definite borders among semantic roles; actually, every role may perform different functions in a sentence (Parsons, 1990), and the lack of an integrated structure complicates the analysis. The occurred intricacies can be explained by the fact that any semantic category is based on concepts of subjectivity rather than concepts of objectivity (Knott Sanders, 1998). For example, the word bookcase consists of certain letters and sounds, so it can not be attributed merely to an object. As words and meanings are acquired from a particular social, cultural and linguistic realm (Peregrin, 2003), the relations among all parts of speech are casual, but not natural. Therefore, semantic categories differ not only among members of various societies, but also among people of the same society. For instance, in two utterances Julia prepared bath for Jill and Julia prepared Jill a bath there are certain semantic roles that may be interpreted either as similar or as different. In the first utterance Julia is an Agent and Jill is a Recipient, while in the second utterance